Dysphagia: What's Behind Your Swallowing Difficulties?
Grace Weatherby
/ Categories: WELLNESS, 2024

Dysphagia: What's Behind Your Swallowing Difficulties?

Swallowing is a complex process that involves the coordinated action of at least 30 muscles and multiple nerves in the mouth, throat, and esophagus. When any part of this system is disrupted, it can lead to swallowing difficulties, also known as dysphagia.

More prevalent in older adults, dysphagia can prove to be a minor inconvenience for some while for others it can lead to severe complications and put their health and quality of life at risk.

Dysphagia can present a variety of symptoms, broadly categorized into two types: oropharyngeal and esophageal. The type of symptoms being experienced serve as clues to medical professionals about the potential cause of the condition.

Here’s how the symptoms of oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia differ:

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia:

  1. Difficulty starting to swallow: This includes trouble moving food from the mouth to the throat.
  2. Choking or coughing: Food or liquids might enter the airway instead of the esophagus, causing coughing or choking.
  3. Nasal regurgitation: Liquids or food coming back up through the nose.
  4. Gurgling voice: A wet-sounding voice after eating or drinking.
  5. Recurrent pneumonia: Due to aspiration of food or liquids into the lungs.

Esophageal Dysphagia:

  1. Feeling of food stuck in the throat or chest: A sensation that food is lodged somewhere in the esophagus.
  2. Painful swallowing: Discomfort or pain when swallowing.
  3. Regurgitation: Bringing food back up without nausea.
  4. Heartburn: A burning sensation in the chest.
  5. Unexplained weight loss: Difficulty in swallowing may lead to a reduced intake of food, resulting in weight loss.

With a clear understanding of the type of dysphagia you’re experiencing, your healthcare provider can begin to explore what’s specifically behind your condition.

COMMON CAUSES OF DYSPHAGIA

Oropharyngeal

Aging

Head and neck surgeries and injuries

Dementia

Stroke  

Parkinson’s Disease

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Muscular Dystrophy

Thyroid Enlargement: Often the result of an iodine deficiency or Grave’s Disease

Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the throat and tonsils most often due to infection

Oral Candidiasis (Thrush): Soreness in the mouth and throat resulting from a fungal infection in the mouth

Esophageal

Aging

Esophageal Stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus, often the result of acid reflux of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Esophageal Rings and Webs: Thin layers of tissue that form in and partially block the esophagus. These can be congenital or develop later due to chronic acid exposure from GERD.

Esophageal Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in the esophagus. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, and family history.

Diffuse Esophageal Spasm: Irregular spasm contractions of the esophagus brought on by damage to the nerves that coordinate the muscles of the esophagus

Scleroderma: Hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues that restricts the esophagus, resulting from an autoimmune disease

Eosinophilic Esophagitis: An allergic inflammatory condition often related to food allergies and environmental allergens

 

Understanding the type of dysphagia you are experiencing and the underlying cause is crucial for effective treatment and management.

Beyond assessing your symptoms, diagnosis often involves a clinical examination and imaging studies. Based on the findings, treatment may include:

  • Swallowing therapy: Exercises to strengthen the muscles involved in swallowing
  • Lifestyle changes: Modifying eating habits and using safe swallowing strategies
  • Dietary modifications: Changing the texture of foods and liquids to make swallowing easier and/or reducing acid intake.  
  • Medications: To manage underlying conditions like infections or inflammation.
  • Surgery: In cases where structural abnormalities need to be corrected.
  • Dilation: Stretching narrowed areas of the esophagus.

If you or someone you know experiences persistent difficulty swallowing, contact your doctor. Addressing any issue early can significantly improve outcomes and help you return to living your life fully sooner.

 

Kate O'Neill, MS, CCC-SLP, is a speech-language pathologist at SVMC Outpatient Rehabilitation, part of Southwestern Vermont Medical Center.

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Emergency Department: Open, Ready, Safe. 

The last 3 months have been a uniquely challenging experience in the SVMC Emergency Department (ED) and emergency departments and hospitals all over the country and the world. I am very proud of all our staff has done and continues to do to ensure safe care for patients during this era of COVID-19. We are grateful that cases of COVID-19 in our area have been the lowest in the U.S. and have decreased even further over the past several weeks. We are also heartened to see that patients who had been avoiding the ED are now confident to return to get the care they need.

It may be surprising to hear that over the past few months, the sickest patients we have seen in the ER have not had COVID-19. Many people have refrained from seeking care for serious medical problems due to the fear of being exposed to the virus, assuming that the hospital was not a safe place to be and not recognizing the seriousness of their symptoms. The most challenging moments of the past several months have involved critically ill patients who tried to stay away for far too long due to fear of being exposed to COVID-19. We have had many sad moments trying to care for those who waited until it was too late for us to help with conditions that could have been easily treated if presented sooner.

One might expect that the greatest challenges related to the pandemic were those needed to adapt our facilities and procedures and the work of caring for sick COVID-19 patients. SVMC is fortunate to have built a strong foundation of safety and infection-prevention methods over many years, which made this transition much easier. Still, when it became apparent that we were going to see COVID-19 cases coming through our doors, we implemented many COVID-specific changes very quickly.

From day one our staff have all been fully trained to use protective equipment effectively, to focus on cleaning and disinfecting, and to move patients safely through the new areas created to keep them safe. We also spaced the waiting room chairs to allow for plenty of distance and initiated drive-by testing to keep potentially contagious people outside and away from other patients.

We immediately increased our standard of protective equipment we use. For example, all staff who relate with patients now wear both a mask and protective shield, which is a proven and effective strategy to prevent transmission. Those staff who work with patients with respiratory or other contagious symptoms also wear a gown and advanced respirators developed in cooperation with Mack Molding in Arlington. They look strange, but they help us deliver care safely.

We also quickly built special spaces and units in the hospital to treat and segregate patients with respiratory symptoms who might be contagious from those with other routine medical problems. Outpatients with symptoms that could be related to COVID-19 are directed to a spacious area called the Respiratory Evaluation Center. There they can be taken to a safe treatment space called a negative-pressure room without encountering any patients who are using the ED for other reasons or any staff who are not fully equipped with protective gear. There are similar, safe, negative-pressure units for those who require treatment in the ED or hospital.

Our hard work paid off. We have treated a number of COVID-19 patients in our ED and, as far as we know, not a single staff member was sickened in relation to their work here, and no patients have contracted COVID-19 while under our care. With our current procedures and drastically declining COVID numbers, we are confident that we can continue that trend. Furthermore, SVMC recently received a perfect score on a rigorous survey specifically designed to judge our ability to prevent transmission of COVID-19. At this time our ED is safer than just about any other public place you could go.

My goal in writing today is to communicate that SVMC’s Emergency Department is open, ready, and safe. If you need emergency care, we are here and we can care for you safely. Please do not defer emergency care until it is too late for us to help. While many symptoms can represent a serious medical problem, the most concerning are chest pain, difficulty breathing, fast heart rate, confusion, high fever, intense headache, drooping face, dehydration, or weakness. Of course, with any other symptom you feel indicates a serious problem, come in right away or call 9-1-1.

For us, spending time with patients and connecting on a personal level is the best part of our jobs. We take pride in our life-saving role in our communities and the work we have been able to do during the pandemic, but we cannot help if you do not come in. Please don’t hesitate to get the care you need when you need it.

Adam Cohen, MD, is a board-certified emergency medicine physician at Southwestern Vermont Medical Center. He also serves as the chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine and the medical director of SVMC’s Emergency Department.

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