Be Prepared & Stay Safe in Extreme Heat

According to scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute of Space Studies, the summer of 2023 was Earth’s hottest since global records began in 1880. The increased temperatures also contributed to nearly 2,300 heat-related deaths and a spike in heat-related emergency room visits across the U.S. 

With early summer temps already rising well into the nineties in our region, it’s more important than ever to make sure you’re familiar with the early warning signs of heat-related illness, how to treat it, and how to prevent it.

The most serious heat-related illness, heat stroke is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when your body overheats, typically due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures or physical exertion in hot weather. 

Heat stroke can develop quickly, so it's important to know the symptoms and be on the lookout for them. Some key signs to watch for include:

• A core body temperature of 103°F or higher
• Confusion, agitation, or altered mental state
• Hot, red, and dry or damp skin  
• Fast, strong pulse
• Rapid breathing and heart rate
• Throbbing headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Muscle weakness or cramps
• Dizziness, light-headedness

In severe cases, heat stroke can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, or even coma.

If you suspect someone is experiencing heat stroke, it's crucial to seek immediate medical help by calling emergency services.

While waiting for medical assistance, it's important to take quick action to cool the person down:

1. Move them to a cooler, shaded area or indoors with air conditioning.
2. Remove any excess clothing.
3. Cool their body using whatever means available:
   • Immerse them in cold water, if possible (most effective method)
   • Apply cold, wet towels to the body
   • Use fans while misting with cool water
   • Place ice packs on the head, neck, armpits, and groin
4. Offer cool fluids if the person is conscious and able to drink.

Remember, heat stroke is a medical emergency, and professional treatment is necessary. At the hospital, doctors may use additional cooling methods and provide intravenous fluids to treat dehydration.

Of course, preventing heat stroke is far better than treating it. Here are some essential tips to stay safe in hot weather:

1. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, especially water. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, which can dehydrate you.
2. Wear Appropriate Clothing: Light-colored, loose-fitting clothes help your body stay cool. Don't forget a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses for added protection.
3. Use Sunscreen: Sunburn affects your body's ability to cool down, so apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30.
4. Avoid Peak Sun Hours: If possible, limit outdoor activities to early morning or evening when it's cooler.
5. Take Breaks: If you're engaging in physical activity, take frequent breaks in a shaded or air-conditioned area.
6. Know Your Limits: Listen to your body. If you feel overheated, stop what you're doing and find a cool place.

NOTE: If you have any chronic health conditions or are taking medications, consult your doctor about additional precautions you should take in hot weather.

By being aware of the signs of heat stroke, knowing how to respond, and taking preventive measures, you can enjoy the warm weather safely and reduce your risk of heat-related illnesses. Remember, the health and safety of you and others should always come before. Don't hesitate to seek medical help if you're concerned about heat stroke.

Sean Burns, MD, is the EMS Medical Director/District 12 Medical Advisor at Southwestern Vermont Medical Center.